Chapter 1
单词翻译：
Nicotian烟草属 combustion ：燃烧. Solanaceae茄科
combustibility 可燃性度 nicotine 尼古丁，烟碱 pest resistance抗虫害
agronomic performance农艺性能 Chinese－Style Cigarette ：中式卷烟
Chinese-style cigarette：中式卷烟 Virginian-type cigarette：烤烟型卷烟
blended cigarette：混合型卷烟 tar content：焦油含量
aromatic芳香的 limit regulation’：限焦令. Virginia tobacco ：弗吉尼亚烟
Flue-cured tobacco：烤烟 Bright tobacco ：浅色烟 Burley tobacco ：白肋烟
Oriental tobacco 东方烟 Aromatic tobacco ：香料烟 Maryland tobacco ：马里兰烟
Cigar tobacco ：雪茄烟 disease resistance：抗病性 plant's physiology：植物生理
thresh：打叶 redrying：复烤 aging：老化，(陈化、醇化) fermentation 发酵
cigarette manufacture：卷烟生产 smoke chemistry：烟气化学 cigar雪茄
cigarillo小雪茄 smokeless tobacco：无烟烟草 botanical植物的
air-curing 晾制 sun-curing晒制 fire-curing 熏制fiue-curing烤制
the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration ：STMA officially：国家烟草专卖局
2. 长句子翻译
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a kind of special plant containing nicotine, belong to Solanaceae, Nicotiana. Tobacco differs from other crops in that it is used mostly for combustion. Variables of botanical, physical and chemical characteristics of leaf tobacco determine degrees of combustibility, smoke composition, taste and aroma and, thus, product acceptability.
烟草是一种特殊的含有尼古丁的植物，属于茄科烟草属。烟草作为燃烧物质又不同与其他作物，烟草的植物、物理、化学特性决定了其燃烧程度、烟气组成、香气、吸味和可接受程度。
Because the properties of tobacco and, therefore, its usability vary markedly with variety, locality, system of production and curing method, standardization of the commercial product is essential for growers and users (i.e. manufacturers). It is based primarily on curing method (air-, sun-, fire- and flue-curing), locality of production (growth) and the way in which the leaf is to be used (cigarette, cigar, pipe, etc.). Further classification is then according to position on the stalk from which the leaves have originated and factors such as their color, quality and ripeness at harvest.
由于烟草的性质及其可用性均随品种、生产区域、生产方式和调制方法的不同而发生显著的变化，因此，制定烟叶商品标准对烟草种植者和产品制造商来说都是十分必要的。先按烟草的调制方法（晾、晒、熏、烤）、生产区域和使用方式（卷烟、雪茄、斗烟等）进行分类，然后再依据烟叶的生长部位、颜色、质量和成熟度等因素进一步细分。
3. 简答
根据烟草的调制方法，使用方式把烟草分为几类？（至少写五种，每种一分，共五分）
Virginia tobacco弗吉尼亚烟Flue-cured tobacco烤烟Burley tobacco白肋烟sun-cured tobacco晒烟Oriental tobacco东方烟、香料烟Maryland tobacco马里兰烟Cigar tobacco雪茄烟
Cigarette卷烟light air-cured tobacco浅色晾烟dark air-cured tobacco深色晾烟
Chapter2
alkaloid生物碱Frost-free days无霜期blue mold 霜霉病photoperiodism光周期现象short-day plants 短日照植物seedlings幼苗bare-root transplants裸根移植plant populations植物种群nitrogen氮肥Topping打顶 stalk茎秆 suckering抹叉ripeness成熟premature未成熟的
Chapter 3
1. 单词翻译
light air-cured：浅色晾晒型dark air-cured：深色晾晒型sun-cured：晒(烟)
cigar filler：雪茄芯烟binder (雪茄烟)内衣；(雪茄烟)内包皮Turkish土耳其(烟叶)
wrapper (雪茄烟)外衣；(雪茄烟)外包皮interspecific cross：杂交
gene mutations：基因突变broad terms：广义breeder：育种人员；育种工作者；
cultivar品种germplasm sources：种质资源genotypes：基因型
outlining tests概述测试trait：特征attribute属性handling处理 lamina (烟叶)叶片
midvein：(烟叶叶片)中脉 filling：填充值 harsh (烟气)粗糙、(烟气)生硬
bitter苦pungent辛辣 aroma香气mass selection：混合选择allele：等位基因.
pedigree杂交分离世代谱系backcross回交recurrent：轮回选择haploid：单倍体
tissue culture techniques：组织培养技术doubled haploids：双单倍体
inherited trait：遗传性状homozygote纯合子interspcific bridge cross种间杂交
inbreeding近亲繁殖genetically variable：基因变异recombination基因重组
black root rot：黑腐病crop failure：粮食欠收sensory properties：感官特性morphological形态特征pyrolysis：裂解heterosis杂种优势
长句子翻译
In broad terms, a modern breeding project will consist of three phases: planning, line development and testing. In the planning phase, a breeder should carefully define the goals to be accomplished. Generally, this will be correcting a deficiency in existing cultivars or increasing the desirability of cultivars for one or more traits. Other aspects of planning include identifying and/or selecting appropriate germplasm sources, choosing the best breeding method, identifying or developing techniques needed to evaluate the breeding materials and to select the best genotypes and outlining tests required to fully characterize the lines obtained from the breeding effort. The line development and testing phases are the parts of the project where the plans are carried out and, hopefully, the objectives accomplished.
概括地讲，现代育种项目包括制定计划、品种培育和品系鉴定3个阶段。在计划制定阶段，育种者必须仔细地确定欲完成的育种目标。一般是改进现有栽培品种的缺陷，或提高栽培品种一个或多个性状合乎需要的程度。另外，计划还应包含鉴定或筛选适当种质资源，选择最佳的育种方法，鉴定或开发评价育种材料和选择优良基因型所需要的技术，以及提出完全表征该育种研究筛选品系特性的鉴定要点。品系培育和鉴定阶段是育种项目进行并最后完成所期望的目标的一部分。
There have been many advances in tobacco breeding and genetics over the past several years. Breeders have developed cultivars with high yield, good quality and resistance to several diseases. In addition, inheritance information has been obtained for numerous characteristics, and a vast array of germplasm has been collected and characterized. This solid base of genetic information and germplasm enhances the prospects for future advancements. Also, new information and emerging technologies in chemistry and biology, especially in genetic engineering, have promising applications in tobacco improvement.
在过去的几年里，烟草遗传和育种上出现了许多新进展。育种学家培育出了高产、优质和抗多种病害的新品种。另外，还得到了许多性状的遗传信息，搜集和鉴定了大量的种质。遗传信息和种质的坚实基础展现了未来光明的发展前景，在化学和生物方面，尤其基因工程技术方面的新信息、新技术在烟草的改良中具有光明的应用前景。
2. 简答
烟草改良常用的育种方法有哪些？（至少写出五种，每种一分，共计五分）
Backcross Breeding 回交育种Genetic engineering Breeding 基因工程育种
Haploids Breeding 单倍体育种Mass selection Breeding 混合选择育种
Pedigree Breeding 系谱法育种，系统育种Pure-line selection Breeding 纯系选择育种
Recurrent selection Breeding 轮回选择育种Introduction Breeding 引种育种
Hybridization Breeding 杂交育种Distant hybridization Breeding 远缘杂交育种
Induced mutation breeding 诱变育种
3. 看图翻译
1.下图是一个完整烟草花的解剖图，请选择合适的英文单词填空
angular leaf spot ：烟草角斑病black shank：烟草黑胫病black root rot：烟草根黑腐病
stalk ：n.[植]茎vascular： n .[植]维管的sore shin：烟草立枯病Granville wilt：烟草青枯病
collar rot：烟草菌核病（Sclerotinia rot）Fusarium wilt ：烟草枯萎病hollow stalk：烟草空茎病efficient methods ：有效方法disease control：病害控制cured tobacco：烤烟
nematode: 线虫parasitic:adj.寄生的；寄生物的；由寄生虫引起的属( Genus)
种 (Species)insecticide ：杀虫剂pesticide：农药
问题：
1.真菌病害：brown spot：烟草赤星病black shank：烟草黑胫病powdery mildew：烟草白粉病black root rot：烟草根黑腐病sore shin：烟草立枯病blue mold： 烟草霜霉病
2.细菌病害：hollow stalk：烟草空茎病angular leaf spot ：烟草角斑病
3.根茎部病害：black shank：烟草黑胫病black root rot：烟草根黑腐病Fusarium wilt ：烟草枯萎病hollow stalk：烟草空茎病sore shin：烟草立枯病Granville wilt：烟草青枯病
4.叶部病害：blue mold： 烟草霜霉病brown spot：烟草赤星病
powdery mildew：烟草白粉病target spot：烟草靶斑病wild fire ：烟草野火病？
主要病源：funguses.真菌bacteria细菌 virus病毒nematode pests 有害线虫insect pests害虫
Chapter 7 Tobacco Leaf Chemistry
constituent :n. 成分，构成部分；委托人, 选民Carbohydrate：碳水化合物，糖类
Starch：淀粉Sugar：糖Sugar Ester：糖脂Cellulose：纤维素Pectin：果胶质
polymer ：n.多聚物；[高分子] 聚合物 polysaccharide: n.多醣，聚糖，多聚糖
saccharide：糖类amylose ：n.直链淀粉amylopectin ：n.支链淀粉sucrose：蔗糖
blend：混合物stinging：刺激的odor：气味，臭味reconstituted tobacco：重组烟草
fiber：纤维alkaloid：生物碱nicotine：尼古丁Plastid:质体pigment：色素
carotenoid：类胡萝卜素 precursor：前体物volatile：易挥发的；易变的，不稳定的；
aroma：芳香，香味；
烟草中碳水化合物主要有：Starch：淀粉Sugar：糖Sugar Ester：糖脂Cellulose：纤维素Pectin：果胶质
Chapter 8
1. 单词翻译
filling value 填充值burn rate 燃烧率adsorption 吸附作用raw material 原料
cut rag 烟丝specific volume比容shred烟丝constant velocity匀速compress压缩，压紧；精简adsorption equilibrium 吸附平衡vacuum drying 真空干燥relative humidity 相对湿度sulfuric acid 硫酸saturated饱和的；渗透的；深颜色的wrap paper 外包纸permeability渗透性；通透性additives添加剂ventilation通风设备；空气流通puff抽吸口数circumference 圆周；周长the static burning rate静燃速率equilibrium moisture平衡含水率，平衡水分taste吸味filter过滤材料tobacco blending配方body身份degree of damage残伤度cigarette paper卷烟纸
长句子翻译
There are three main ways to measure equilibrium moisture content. One method takes measurements by a gas with a fixed relative humidity that flows through a sample. Another method measures equilibrium moisture under the water vapor environment after evacuating air. The third way uses a desiccator and adjusts the humidity with a sulfuric acid solution or a saturated salt solution and takes measurements under atmospheric pressure.
测定平衡含水率有三种主要方法。方法一是采用一种具有稳定相对湿度的气体流过被测样品进行测定。方法二是在抽出空气后的水蒸汽的环境下测定平衡含水率。第三种方法使用了一个干燥器，通过调整含有硫酸溶液或饱和盐溶液的湿度，在大气压下进行测定。
Chapter 10
1. 单词翻译
Reconstituted sheet 再造烟叶expansion膨胀homogenized：均匀分布微粒的shred碎片slurring：稠浆法impregnation：渗入adhesives粘合剂slurry：浆体mainstream smoke：主流烟气sidestream smoke测流烟气lamina体积Slurry Sheet Process：稠浆法humectant：保湿剂 diced：切割cut filler：填料pulp纸浆 recon薄片烟Smoking Qualities ：吸食质量
sensory quality：感官质量signature flavor：独特风味carbon monoxide：一氧化碳
tailor- made：量身定做carcinogen致癌物shredded：切丝rolled stems：压梗
filter过滤limonene ['liməni:n]：柠檬烯
长句子翻译
Expanded tobacco is an essential part of processing of most cigarette products. It is an efficient means of expanding the volume of tobacco lamina by up to 100%. The main benefits of using expanded tobacco are: reduces cigarette weight while reserving its natural tobacco taste; increases the filling value and burn rate, thus reducing the number of puffs, which in turn reduces the tar and nicotine deliveries per cigarette.
膨胀烟丝是大多数卷烟产品加工中的重要组成部分。它是一种有效的手段，能够扩大烟草叶片体积高达100％。使用膨胀烟丝的主要好处是：减少卷烟的重量，同时保留其天然的烟草味道，增加填充值和燃烧率，从而降低了抽吸口数，也就是减少了每支卷烟的焦油和尼古丁含量。
Reconstituted sheet, commonly called recon, is now considered an integral part of processing any quality and cost-effective cigarettes product. Recent advances in paper making technology allow for producing tailor- made recon that can play a major role in the development of many blended cigarettes,Virginia, oriental and black cigarettes as well as other smoking products.
再造薄片，俗称薄片烟，现在被认为是具有优秀质量和具有成本效益香烟产品工序的一个组成部分。再造薄片技术的进步使量身订做的薄片烟，在许多混合型卷烟的发展中起了重要的作用，在弗吉尼亚烟，东方烟和黑色香烟以及其他烟草产品也是如此。
Chapter 11
1. 单词翻译
delivery /释放量TSNA（tobacco specific nitrosamine） 烟草特有的亚硝胺
benzo(a)pyrene B(a)P 苯并芘；苯并(a)芘dimension 规格、尺寸
rod / (烟)支；(烟)条；枝条carton 纸板箱neutralizer 中和剂
resin 树脂；松香syrup 糖浆果汁；含药糖浆integral 积分的；完整的，整体的
venation 脉络；叶脉tobacco rod 烟条 烟丝被卷烟纸包卷后形成的长圆柱体。
ash /æʃ/ 灰分；烟灰wrapper包装材料； /包装/ 包装纸；书皮binder粘合剂
inhale /in'heil/ 吸入aftertaste 余味shred 烟丝adverse effect 不利影响；副作用flavor grades (致香型)烟叶modifier grades调味型）烟叶filler grades (填充型)烟叶extensive 广泛的；大量的volatile 挥发性的；不稳定的
ameliorate / 改善；减轻（痛苦等）；改良processability 加工性；加工性能
pliable柔韧的；柔软的；圆滑的；易曲折的evaporate蒸发，挥发
exterior外部；表面；外型；外貌stretch 伸展，延伸cellulosic有纤维质的
porous 多孔渗水的；能渗透的；有气孔的cellulose acetate醋酸纤维
charcoal 木炭cosmetic化妆品；装饰品firmness 硬度
长句子翻译
Cigarette manufacturing involves developing a specific tobacco blend utilizing the desired tobacco types, breaking up the tobaccos stored in hogsheads or bales, combining the blend components, cutting the raw tobaccos into specific dimensions, applying casing and top dressing materials (unless it is a no-additive product), adjusting moisture content, selecting the appropriate filter, paper, cigarette design properties, combining these components into a rod (usually on a high speed machine), inserting the rods into a pack, placing the packs into cartons and consolidating the cartons into cases for distribution.
卷烟制造过程包括根据所需类型开发出特定的叶组配方，解烟包，烟叶掺配，切丝，加香加料（不加香加料的卷烟除外），调节水分，选择适宜的过滤嘴、卷烟纸、卷烟设计参数，卷成烟支（通常用高速卷烟机），装盒，成条，最后装箱以便于批发销售。
The blend is the single most important factor in determining the smoke quality of a product. Blending can be defined as the combining of raw materials in grades identifiable through visual, chemical and smoking characteristics. Through blending, taste character, irritation/harshness and strength can be altered to the desired product brief. The blender must be familiar with the smoke characteristics of each individual grade of each tobacco type. He must be able to look at the quality of each individual grade and know how that appearance of the tobacco will marry with other blend components and smoke in the final product.
配方是决定卷烟产品吸食质量的最主要的因素。配方可以定义为将依据外观质量、化学成分和感官特性分级的烟叶原料进行组合。通过配方，口味特征、刺激性/粗糙感和劲头可以被调整为所期望的产品特征。配方设计人员必须熟悉不同等级、不同类型烟叶的吸食特性。并且能够根据某一等级烟叶原料的品质，知道它在与其他组分配时的表现，以及在最终产品中的吸食表现。
Cigarette paper is composed of an inorganic filler and cellulosic fiber. The most common inorganic filler is calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Special fillers may be used for reducing sidestream smoke yields. Common fibers used for cigarette papers include flax and wood pulp.
卷烟纸由无机填料和纤维质材料组成。最为常用的无机填料是碳酸钙（CaCO3）。有时会用一些特殊填料来减少测流烟气量。卷烟纸使用的常见纤维包括亚麻纤维和木浆纤维。
简答题
1烟株的烟叶由下至上分别为：sand lugs,primings脚叶，中下部叶（下二棚），cutters中部叶（腰叶），leaf上中部叶（上二棚）,tips顶叶
2烟草可分为三类：
flavor grades (致香型)烟叶
modifier grades调味型）烟叶
filler grades (填充型)烟叶
Chapter 12 Cigarette Quality Assurance
parameter：参数instrumentation ：n.使用仪器，装设仪器； weight ：重量cigarette：卷烟
circumference：圆周diameter：直径ovality：椭圆度roundness：圆度pressure drop :压降
resistance-to-draw (rtd) ：draw：吸引，拉，拖。draft ：气流filter rods ：过滤嘴
ventilation ：通风设备Ventilation：通风Dilution ：稀释low ‘tar’ cigarettes 低焦油卷烟
perforat ：打孔Porosity : n.多孔性，有孔性porous : adj. 有毛孔或气孔的
perforation n.穿孔，贯穿，针孔，齿孔cigarette paper：卷烟纸tipping paper接装纸（水松纸）
plug wrap paper ：成型纸（滤嘴棒纸）filter rod ：滤嘴棒Moisture：水分
Water Content：含水率Total Oven Volatiles：烘箱总挥发物Plasticizer：增塑剂
cellulose acetate：醋酸纤维Smoking machine：吸烟机total particulate matter：总粒相物质
gas phase ：气相
简答
卷烟的基本参数：Weight重量Circumference or Diameter Measurement圆周或直径Pressure Drop压降Ventilation通风度Firmness (Also Called Hardness) Including Filling Power坚实度Paper Porosity (or Permeability纸的孔隙度或透气度Moisture水分Length长度Measurement of Plasticizer增塑剂Smoking Machines and Gas Phase Analyzers吸烟机和气相分析仪Air Flow Measuring Instruments空气流量测定仪Cigarette Pack Seal Testers卷烟的包装密封性测试
chapter13
1烟气收集的方法：Cambridge filter剑桥滤片Electrostatic Precipitation 静电沉积器
Cold Traps冷阱Solid Adsorbents固体吸附Solvent Traps溶剂阱
Mainstream Smoke (MS)主流烟气Sidestream Smoke (SS)测流烟气Environmental tobacco Smoke (ETS)环境烟气
smoke aerosol烟气气溶胶gas phase and particles气相和粒相
剑桥滤片的优点：1. Effectively retains particulate phase smoke at room temperature2. Nonhygroscopic3. Easily fashioned into filters of uniform efficiency4. Requires minimum user preparation5. Inexpensive
影响剑桥滤片平衡的因素1. Temperature2. Filter loading3. Flow4. Moisture level of the pad
What is TPM ?
TPM=Total Particulate Matter = Nicotine + Tar + Water
Chapter 14 Natural Tobacco Flavor
top dressings flavor：加表用香精casing flavor ：加料用香精filter flavor：滤嘴用香精
elucidate ：vt.阐明，解释flue-cured烤制 burley oriental东方的
Maryland tobacco马里兰烟
Turkish tobacco土耳其烟
Aroma芳香，香味
香精可以分为三种top dressings flavor：加表用香精casing flavor ：加料用香精filter flavor：滤嘴用香精
Chapter 16
1. 单词翻译
controversial有争议的，引起争议的，被争论的； 好争论的
millennia一千年( millennium的名词复数 )；千年期；myocardial 心肌的
infarction 梗塞形成，梗死形成peripheral：外围的；次要的；（神经）末梢区域的
vascular 脉管的,血管的,含有血管的；chronic 慢性的长期的；obstructive故意阻碍的monograph专著，专论carcinogenic致癌物(质)的surgeon 外科医生
长句子翻译
Numerous studies were conducted on the association with smoking of four diseases: cancer of the lung, myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease and chronic obstructive lung diseases. However, others maintain the conclusion that smoking is one of the factors contributing to these diseases is 'more fairly described as presumptive than as proved'.
已经进行了大量有关吸烟与肺癌、心肌梗死、心脑血管疾病和慢性支气管疾病关系的研究。然而，一些人坚持认为吸烟只是这些疾病的发病原因之一。
